電大西方經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué) 03任務(wù) 聯(lián)系實(shí)際說明,在我國(guó)當(dāng)前經(jīng)濟(jì)形式下...小抄參考

專業(yè)好文檔西方經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué) 03任務(wù)題目：聯(lián)系實(shí)際說明，在我國(guó)當(dāng)前經(jīng)濟(jì)形式下，如何借鑒消費(fèi)理論擴(kuò)大消費(fèi)需求？ 考核目的：這是一道理論聯(lián)系實(shí)際題讓學(xué)生理清西方消費(fèi)理論的基本內(nèi)容，在理清理論的同時(shí)，學(xué)會(huì)在社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)踐中運(yùn)用；在實(shí)際運(yùn)用中加深對(duì)西方消費(fèi)理論的理解要求：（1）要求學(xué)生認(rèn)真審題和研讀第十章簡(jiǎn)單國(guó)民收入決定模型的相關(guān)內(nèi)容，搞清西方四大消費(fèi)理論的基本內(nèi)容；（2）完整準(zhǔn)確闡述西方消費(fèi)理論的內(nèi)容；（3）聯(lián)系實(shí)際時(shí)既可以逐條理論聯(lián)系，也可以理論闡述完畢后聯(lián)系；（4）字?jǐn)?shù)不少于800字時(shí)間：學(xué)完第十章簡(jiǎn)單國(guó)民收入決定模型后完成本任務(wù)解題思路：（1）簡(jiǎn)述凱恩斯的絕對(duì)收入理論（2）簡(jiǎn)述杜森貝的相對(duì)收入理論（3）簡(jiǎn)述莫迪利安尼的生命周期理論（4）簡(jiǎn)述佛里德曼的持久收入理論（5）我國(guó)采取的消費(fèi)政策、效果、原因和建議答：消費(fèi)理論是經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)中，在研究簡(jiǎn)單的國(guó)民收入理論中一個(gè)很重要理論，即：在貨幣市場(chǎng)上利率和產(chǎn)品市場(chǎng)價(jià)格不變的情況下的國(guó)民收入決定原理主要認(rèn)為，在不考慮貨幣市場(chǎng)條件下，國(guó)民收入可以通過社會(huì)總供給＝社會(huì)總需求來進(jìn)行調(diào)節(jié)，并實(shí)現(xiàn)均衡通常在調(diào)節(jié)總供給和總需求相等時(shí)，常通過調(diào)節(jié)社會(huì)總需求來完成而社會(huì)總需求由消費(fèi)需求和投資需求，不考慮貨幣市場(chǎng)情況下，消費(fèi)需求主要受國(guó)民收入影響。

1）凱恩斯的絕對(duì)收入理論:強(qiáng)調(diào)消費(fèi)支出是實(shí)際收入的穩(wěn)定函數(shù).其實(shí)際收入是指現(xiàn)期,絕對(duì),實(shí)際的收入水平,即指本期收入,收入的絕對(duì)水平和按貨幣購(gòu)買力計(jì)算的收入.因此,擴(kuò)大消費(fèi)須提高居民的實(shí)際收入.如城市居民每隔兩年一次的加工資.但如何提高農(nóng)民的實(shí)際收入?yún)s始終沒有切實(shí)的措施,這是我國(guó)總消費(fèi)始終沒有得到很好的提高的一個(gè)重要原因. （2）杜森貝的相對(duì)收入理論:消費(fèi)以相對(duì)收入為函數(shù)相對(duì)別人——示范效應(yīng)，向高消費(fèi)看齊我國(guó)稱之“攀比效應(yīng)”相對(duì)自己過去——習(xí)慣效應(yīng)，收入水平變化后消費(fèi)有滯后性（3）莫迪利安尼的生命周期理論:消費(fèi)與生命周期有關(guān)，與財(cái)產(chǎn)收入有關(guān)如下式：C=aWR+bYL………….WR為財(cái)產(chǎn)收入；a為財(cái)產(chǎn)收入的消費(fèi)傾向；YL為勞動(dòng)收入，實(shí)為個(gè)人生命周期不同階段或不同年齡的收入；b為勞動(dòng)收入的邊際消費(fèi)傾向表明消費(fèi)取決于財(cái)產(chǎn)收入和個(gè)人生命周期不同階段勞動(dòng)收入4）弗里德曼的持久收入理論:消費(fèi)以持久收入為函數(shù)C=bYp……………Yp為持久收入，如下式：Ypt=θYt+（1—θ）Yt-1……………Ypt為現(xiàn)期持久收入，Yt為現(xiàn)期收入，Yt-1為上期收入，θ為加權(quán)數(shù)表明，現(xiàn)期持久收入等于現(xiàn)期收入與前期收入的加權(quán)平均數(shù)。

我國(guó)采取的消費(fèi)政策、效果、原因和建議:擴(kuò)大內(nèi)需是我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的一項(xiàng)長(zhǎng)期的消費(fèi)政策 所謂擴(kuò)大內(nèi)需政策,就是在生產(chǎn)相對(duì)過剩的情況下,調(diào)整經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)(包括生產(chǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)和消費(fèi)結(jié)構(gòu)),拓寬國(guó)際市場(chǎng).培育消費(fèi)熱點(diǎn),以拉動(dòng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的增長(zhǎng).簡(jiǎn)言之,就是通過擴(kuò)大投資需求和消費(fèi)需求來拉動(dòng)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng).擴(kuò)大內(nèi)需必須實(shí)行積極的財(cái)政政策,穩(wěn)健的貨幣政策和正確的消費(fèi)政策. 一、九十年代中期以來采取了一系列擴(kuò)大消費(fèi)的政策，但效果并不十分明顯 1、就業(yè)形勢(shì)依然嚴(yán)重，城鎮(zhèn)居民收入逐步提高 2、農(nóng)民收入增勢(shì)緩慢 3、社會(huì)保障體系建設(shè)滯后 4、整頓市場(chǎng)秩序取得階段性成效 5、消費(fèi)信貸政策作用明顯 從上述對(duì)各主要消費(fèi)政策的評(píng)估結(jié)果看, 歷史上的政策失誤和不到位是消費(fèi)低迷的重要成因從目前情況看，在政策措施的持續(xù)作用下，我國(guó)居民消費(fèi)需求已經(jīng)開始出現(xiàn)啟動(dòng)跡象，住房、汽車、旅游、通訊等相關(guān)的消費(fèi)熱點(diǎn)正在形成之中，但消費(fèi)要形成一個(gè)全國(guó)性高潮還有待時(shí)日要看到居民消費(fèi)結(jié)構(gòu)升級(jí)將是一個(gè)相對(duì)較長(zhǎng)的過程，城市家庭主要進(jìn)入10000至100000元的購(gòu)買階段，而農(nóng)村家庭則要進(jìn)入1000至10000元的購(gòu)買階段前者主要是從普通耐用消費(fèi)品向住房、汽車和信息產(chǎn)品等大宗和高檔耐用消費(fèi)品以及教育、旅游、文化娛樂等個(gè)人發(fā)展型和享受型消費(fèi)的檔次提升，而后者則是從生活必需品向中低檔耐用消費(fèi)品的方向發(fā)展。

從當(dāng)前的情況看，城鎮(zhèn)居民自20世紀(jì)90年代初開始進(jìn)入新的消費(fèi)升級(jí)準(zhǔn)備階段，還難以形成全局性的擴(kuò)張?zhí)貏e是隨著消費(fèi)升級(jí)層次的提升，大宗耐用消費(fèi)品的檔次也越來越高，購(gòu)買力積累和消費(fèi)等待的過程也就更長(zhǎng)如住房消費(fèi)、私人汽車消費(fèi)，都需要一定時(shí)間的收入積累比較而言，農(nóng)村居民消費(fèi)結(jié)構(gòu)的升級(jí)則需要一個(gè)相對(duì)較低的收入門檻這就凸現(xiàn)了提高農(nóng)民消費(fèi)需求對(duì)GDP增長(zhǎng)的貢獻(xiàn)率以促進(jìn)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)持續(xù)增長(zhǎng)的重要現(xiàn)實(shí)意義 二、當(dāng)前在擴(kuò)大消費(fèi)方面存在的問題與體制障礙 1、在擴(kuò)大消費(fèi)方面現(xiàn)存的三大問題 （1）消費(fèi)率偏低，消費(fèi)需求拉動(dòng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的作用亟待增強(qiáng) （2）消費(fèi)需求增勢(shì)緩慢，與投資增長(zhǎng)出現(xiàn)背離 （3）在消費(fèi)總量不足的同時(shí)，消費(fèi)結(jié)構(gòu)也存在失衡問題 2、在擴(kuò)大消費(fèi)方面現(xiàn)存三大體制障礙 （1）收入分配體制不合理，消費(fèi)呈現(xiàn)“以點(diǎn)帶面”的發(fā)展格局 （2）短缺經(jīng)濟(jì)時(shí)期，國(guó)家為防止需求膨脹而出臺(tái)的一些抑制消費(fèi)的政策措施至今沒有得到清理 （3）由于經(jīng)濟(jì)體制改革不到位，目前我國(guó)還存在部分行政壟斷現(xiàn)象，在一定程度上鉗制了消費(fèi) 三、當(dāng)前消費(fèi)需求的基本特征1.商品總量超過現(xiàn)實(shí)有效需求，買方市場(chǎng)特征明顯2.居民消費(fèi)呈多元化發(fā)展趨勢(shì)，消費(fèi)結(jié)構(gòu)正發(fā)生變化3.居民消費(fèi)需求占國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的比例長(zhǎng)期偏低4.占人口絕大多數(shù)的農(nóng)民在消費(fèi)市場(chǎng)中所占的份額日益降低5.居民儲(chǔ)蓄持續(xù)增長(zhǎng)，居民即期消費(fèi)意愿不強(qiáng)Winger Tuivasa-Sheck, who scored two tries in the Kiwis' 20-18 semi-final win over England, has been passed fit after a lower-leg injury, while Slater has been named at full-back but is still recovering from a knee injury aggravated against USA.Both sides boast 100% records heading into the encounter but Australia have not conceded a try since Josh Charnley's effort in their first pool match against England on the opening day.Aussie winger Jarryd Hayne is the competition's top try scorer with nine, closely followed by Tuivasa-Sheck with eight.But it is recently named Rugby League International Federation player of the year Sonny Bill Williams who has attracted the most interest in the tournament so far.The Kiwi - with a tournament high 17 offloads - has the chance of becoming the first player to win the World Cup in both rugby league and rugby union after triumphing with the All Blacks in 2011."I'd give every award back in a heartbeat just to get across the line this weekend," said Williams.The (lack of) air up there Watch mCayman Islands-based Webb, the head of Fifa's anti-racism taskforce, is in London for the Football Association's 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend City's Premier League match at Chelsea on Sunday."I am going to be at the match tomorrow and I have asked to meet Yaya Toure," he told BBC Sport."For me it's about how he felt and I would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was."Uefa has?opened disciplinary proceedings against CSKA?for the "racist behaviour of their fans" during?City's 2-1 win.Michel Platini, president of European football's governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referee's actions.CSKA said they were "surprised and disappointed" by Toure's complaint. In a statement the Russian side added: "We found no racist insults from fans of CSKA." Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted.The supersonic descent could happen as early as Sunda.The weather plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm -- winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulence.The balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet ( Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving platform.They blew it in 2008 when they got caught cold in the final and they will not make the same mistake against the Kiwis in Manchester.Five years ago they cruised through to the final and so far history has repeated itself here - the last try they conceded was scored by England's Josh Charnley in the opening game of the tournament.That could be classed as a weakness, a team under-cooked - but I have been impressed by the Kangaroos' focus in their games since then.They have been concentrating on the sort of stuff that wins you tough, even contests - strong defence, especially on their own goal-line, completing sets and a good kick-chase. They've been great at all the unglamorous stuff that often goes unnoticed in the stands but not by your team-mates.It is as though their entire tournament has been preparation for the final.In Johnathan Thurston, Cooper Cronk, Cameron Smith and either Billy Slater or Greg Inglis at full-back they have a spine that is unmatched in rugby league. They have played in so many high-pressure games - a priceless asset going into Saturday.The Kiwis are a lot less experienced but winning a dramatic match like their semi-final against England will do wonders for their confidence.They defeated Australia in the Four Nations final in 2010 and the last World Cup, and know they can rise to the big occasion.。