高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法考點(diǎn)講練：動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)

精品文檔（2011高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法考點(diǎn)講練：動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)[導(dǎo)讀] “2011高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法考點(diǎn)專題講練：動(dòng)詞和短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞”供廣大考生備考使用　　【考點(diǎn)分析】　　1.對(duì)下列十種時(shí)態(tài)的考查：　　一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 一般過(guò)去時(shí) 一般將來(lái)時(shí) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)　　現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí) 過(guò)去完成時(shí) 將來(lái)完成時(shí) 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)　　2.既考查時(shí)態(tài)又考查語(yǔ)態(tài);　　3.考查動(dòng)詞的及物與不及物;　　4.考查主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義;　　5.考查動(dòng)詞詞組在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的介詞問(wèn)題;　　6.對(duì)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)習(xí)慣句型的考查　　【知識(shí)點(diǎn)歸納】　　I.動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成形式　　主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成　　一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一般過(guò)去時(shí)　　do/does,( is/am/are )did,(was/were)　　現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)　　is/am/are doingwas/were doing　　現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)過(guò)去完成時(shí)　　has/have donehad done　　現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)　　has/have been doinghad been doing　　一般將來(lái)時(shí)過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)　　will/shall do　　is/am/are going to do　　is/am/are(about)to dowould/should do　　was/were going to do　　was/were(about)to do　　被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成　　一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一般過(guò)去時(shí)　　is/am/are donewas/were done　　現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)　　is/am/are being donewas/were being done　　現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)過(guò)去完成時(shí)　　has/have been donehad been done　　一般將來(lái)時(shí)過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)　　will/shall be done　　is/am/are going to be done　　is/am/are(about)to be donewould/should be done　　was/were going to be done　　was/were(about)to be done　　II.動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的用法　　1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)　?、僖话悻F(xiàn)在時(shí)表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生、習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作、客觀真理、科學(xué)事實(shí)、格言，目前的特征、狀態(tài)、能力等;　?、谥骶涫且话銓?lái)時(shí),時(shí)間、條件狀語(yǔ)從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái);　　I’ll go there after I finish my work.　　If it rains tomorrow,I won’t go there.　?、墼谝詇ere,there開(kāi)頭的句子里，go,come等少數(shù)動(dòng)詞的一般在時(shí)表示正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作;　　There goes the bell.鈴響了。

There comes the bus.汽車來(lái)了Here she comes.她來(lái)了　　注意：近幾年，對(duì)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的考查常用過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)或現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)對(duì)考生進(jìn)行干擾　　Months ago we sailed ten thousand miles across the open sea, which_____ the Pacific,and we met no storm.　　A. was called B. is called C. had been called D. has been called　　雖然航海發(fā)生在過(guò)去，但是，海洋的名稱不會(huì)因此而變化，所以要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)2.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)　?、俦硎菊谶M(jìn)行的動(dòng)作;　?、诒硎景从?jì)劃安排即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作　　She is leaving for Beijing.她要去北京　　He is working as a teacher tomorrow.從明天起他要做老師　　My father is coming to see me this Saturday.這個(gè)星期六我爸爸要來(lái)看我　?、鄞嬉话悻F(xiàn)在時(shí)，描繪更加生動(dòng)　　The Changjiang River is flowing into the east.江水滾滾向東流。

　　The sun is rising in the east.太陽(yáng)從東方冉冉升起　　④與always, forever, constantly, continually連用，表示贊賞或厭惡等感情色彩，但并非強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行;　　He is always helping others.他總是肯幫助他人　　She is always forgetting something.她老是忘記某些事情　　⑤大多數(shù)動(dòng)詞可用于進(jìn)行時(shí)，但也有些動(dòng)詞不用于進(jìn)行時(shí)　　常見(jiàn)的有：　　▲感覺(jué)類：look, smell, feel, sound, taste, see, hear　　▲情感類：like, love, prefer, admire, hate, fear　　▲心態(tài)類：wish, hope, expect, want, need, believe, think, understand, agree, knowt　　▲所有類：have, contain, won, hold, belong to等　　3.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)　?、俦硎具^(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響或結(jié)果，或說(shuō)話時(shí)已完成的動(dòng)作;　　I have finished the report./ She has cleaned the room.　　②表示從過(guò)去開(kāi)始，待續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，往往和“for...”, “since...”表述的一段時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用;　　He has learned English for six years./ They have worked here since they left college.　?、郾硎尽霸?jīng)到過(guò)某地(人已回來(lái))”用“have/has been to”;　　表示“到某地去了(還未回來(lái))”用“have/has gone to”。

　　—Where is Li Hua? -He has gone to the reading-room.　　—She knows a lot about Shanghai. -She has been there.　?、茉跁r(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句,條件狀語(yǔ)從句或讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中表達(dá)將來(lái)某時(shí)已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作　　When you have learned English, you will find it a bridge to so much knowledge.　　We’ll start at six if it has stopped raining by then.　　注意：這里的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)從句動(dòng)作在主句動(dòng)作之前完成, 如果兩個(gè)動(dòng)作同時(shí)或幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生, 則不必用完成時(shí);試比較：　　I’ll let you know as soon as I hear from her.　　She will call you when she gets home.　?、荻虝簞?dòng)詞(即瞬間動(dòng)詞)，join,lose,buy,borrow,leave,go,come,arrive,die,marry, finish,complete,begin,start,　　break out等，在完成時(shí)態(tài)中，其肯定式不能和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。

　　要譯“他參軍已經(jīng)三年了”不能說(shuō)：He has joined the army three years.可采用：　　▲“ago法”：He joined the army three years ago.　　▲“延續(xù)法”：He has been in the army for three years.　　▲“since法”：It is/has been three years since he joined the army.　　注意：沒(méi)有包括“現(xiàn)在”在內(nèi)或不是截至“現(xiàn)在”為止的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)不能與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用, 但“in(over) the　　past/last+時(shí)間段”要與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用　　4.現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)　?、儆脕?lái)表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻開(kāi)始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在(或今后還要繼續(xù)一去)的動(dòng)作;　　He has been doing the maths problems since 8:00.　?、诜彩遣荒苡糜诂F(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞均不能用于現(xiàn)成完成進(jìn)行時(shí)　　5.一般過(guò)去時(shí)　?、俦磉_(dá)特定的過(guò)去時(shí)間內(nèi)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀況，或過(guò)去某一時(shí)間內(nèi)經(jīng)常發(fā)生或反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或?yàn)?　　He often sang when he was a boy.　　He went to the cinema last night with her boy friend.　?、谟糜贗 didn’t know…或I forgot…，表示事先不知道或不記得，但現(xiàn)在已知道或記得的事情。

　　用于I didn’t know…或I forgot…，表示事先不知道或不記得，但現(xiàn)在已知道或記得的事情　　I didn’t know you were here.(現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)知道)　　Sorry, I forgot to bring my book.(“忘記帶書”已成為過(guò)去的事了)　　這一用法考生要特別注意　　注意：參看過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)的用法②6.過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)　?、俦硎具^(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作(這一過(guò)去時(shí)間須用時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)表示);　　He was preparing his lecture all day yesterday.　　②表示動(dòng)作在另一過(guò)去動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)進(jìn)行;　　They were still working when I left.　?、塾迷趦蓚€(gè)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生;　　I was writing while he was watching TV.　　④過(guò)去計(jì)劃、安排好的將來(lái)動(dòng)作(只限于come, go, leave, arrive, start, move, sail, fly, travel, stay等);　　He said she was arriving the next day.　?、菖calways, forever, constantly, continually連用，表示贊賞或厭惡等感情色彩。

　　(參看現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法④)　　Comrade Lei Feng was always thinking of others never thinking of himself.　?、捱^(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)可用來(lái)描繪故事發(fā)行的背景　　The wind was blowing and it was raining hard.　　7.過(guò)去完成時(shí)　　①表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間以前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作　　He had shut the door before the dog came up.　　Everything had been all right up till this morning.　?、诒硎緞?dòng)作或狀態(tài)從過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)刻開(kāi)始一直延續(xù)到另一個(gè)過(guò)去時(shí)刻才完成，甚至還要繼續(xù)下去At the age of ten,he had learned 500 English words.He had been ill for a week when we learned about it.　　③過(guò)去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的意圖、打算或希望(只限于think, want, plan, mean, intend, hope, expect, suppose，wish, want等動(dòng)詞)。

　　I had wanted to pay a visit to you yesterday, but the rain prevented me.　　我本來(lái)想昨天拜訪你的，但是下雨(讓我不能來(lái))　　注意：　　▲過(guò)去完成時(shí)必須以過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻為基點(diǎn)，即“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”因此只有在和過(guò)去某時(shí)或某動(dòng)作相比較時(shí)才用到它;　　▲before, after本身表示時(shí)間的“前”“后”明顯，因此可用一般過(guò)去時(shí)代替過(guò)去完成時(shí)　　He (had) left before I arrived.　　8.一般將來(lái)時(shí)　　一般將來(lái)時(shí)有下列一些構(gòu)成形式需要記?。骸　　鴚ill/shall do (側(cè)重將來(lái)行為，不突出計(jì)劃安排去做某事)　　▲be going to do (主觀上打算或客觀上可能發(fā)生)　　▲be doing (按計(jì)劃將要發(fā)生，常和表示最近的將來(lái)時(shí)間連用)　　▲be about to do (按計(jì)劃即將發(fā)生)　　一般將來(lái)時(shí)的用法：　?、佻F(xiàn)在看來(lái)以后要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)　　Tom will come next week.　　He will be here tomorrow.　?、谑挛锏墓逃袑傩曰虮厝悔厔?shì)　　Oil will float in water.　　Fish will die without water.　?、蹖?duì)將來(lái)某個(gè)動(dòng)作的安排、計(jì)劃　　He is going to speak on TV this evening.　　9.將來(lái)完成時(shí)　　用來(lái)表示在將來(lái)某個(gè)時(shí)刻(前)將完成的動(dòng)作。

常和by短語(yǔ)，when,before引起的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用　　We will have finished senior Book 2 by the end of this term.　　10.過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)　?、龠^(guò)去某一時(shí)刻后將要發(fā)生的過(guò)去動(dòng)作或過(guò)去的意圖打算(主要用于賓語(yǔ)從句中);　　She was sure she would succeed.　　I thought you would come.　　把一般將來(lái)時(shí)中的助動(dòng)詞變成過(guò)去式，便成了過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)的表達(dá)形式　　②表示過(guò)去經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作　　When he was young, he would go swimming.　　注意：would與used to的區(qū)別：would只表示過(guò)去，不涉及現(xiàn)在，而used to表示“過(guò)去常?！币c現(xiàn)在比較，即現(xiàn)在不是這樣了　　11.要求一定時(shí)態(tài)的固定的句型　　①was/were doing sth. when…did sth.(正在做某事，這時(shí)突然……)　　I was reading a book when the bell rang.　?、趙as/were about to do sth. when…did sth. (正要做某事，這時(shí)突然……)　　We were about to leave when the telephone rang.　?、跧t(This) is(will be ) the first/second/third…time+ that…　　It’s the first time I’ve seen her.　　We have been there three times.　　如果句中有比較確定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，則服從時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的要求。

　　Last year I saw him many times.　　④It is/has been… since…　　It is (has been) two weeks since I came here.　　She said it was five hours since she had finished her work.　?、軭ardly… when…\No sooner… than…　　Hardly had we got in the crops when it began to rain.　　I had no sooner come into the room than the door was closed.　　⑥It(This) is(will be ) the first/second/third…time+ that…　　This is the first time I have been here.　　It'll be the first time I've spoken in public.III.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的用法　　被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示句子的主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者，也就是動(dòng)作的對(duì)象，一般說(shuō)來(lái)只有及物動(dòng)詞才有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

其構(gòu)成為"be+及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞"助動(dòng)詞be有人稱、數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化，其變化規(guī)則與be作為連系動(dòng)詞時(shí)完全一樣含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的謂語(yǔ)變化為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，由"情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(can, may must, have to等)+be +動(dòng)詞的-ed形式含有"be going to , be to, used to, be about to"等結(jié)構(gòu)的復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，其構(gòu)成為"be going to (be to, used to, be about to)+ be +動(dòng)詞的-ed形式"構(gòu)成　　1.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的適用范圍　　①當(dāng)我們不知道誰(shuí)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，或者沒(méi)有必要指出誰(shuí)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)這時(shí)不用by短語(yǔ)　　This jacket is made of cotton. 這件上衣是棉料的　　②為了強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)　　Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits. 要求參觀者不可觸摸展品　?、鄢鲇诓呗?、委婉、禮貌等不提出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者　　You are said to be active recently. 據(jù)說(shuō)你最近很活躍　　常用于如下句型：　　It's not known that… ……不得而知 It's said that… 據(jù)說(shuō)……　　It's reported that… 據(jù)報(bào)道…… It's not decided that…尚未決定　　It's believed that… 據(jù)認(rèn)為…… It's announced that…據(jù)宣布……　　2.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句型　?、俪Ｒ?jiàn)句式是：主語(yǔ)(受動(dòng)者)+be+過(guò)去分詞+(by+施動(dòng)者)　　He was scolded by the English teacher.　?、谥髡Z(yǔ)+get+過(guò)去分詞+其它成分　　The boy got drowned last summer./ She got fired because of her faults.　　使用這種結(jié)構(gòu)不能帶有“by+施動(dòng)者”　　在現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中大量地出現(xiàn)了由"get+及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞"構(gòu)成的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，這就叫做get-型被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

get-型被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的過(guò)去分詞數(shù)量有限，通常為單個(gè)的動(dòng)詞或比較簡(jiǎn)單的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)　　▲get+及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞　　get常同marry, beat, break, damage, tear, strike, hurt, paint, invite, repair, dress, pay, wound等動(dòng)詞的-ed形　　式連用，構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)這種結(jié)構(gòu)一般指動(dòng)作的結(jié)果而非動(dòng)作本身，常指"最后終于，突然發(fā)生"等意義　　He got wounded in the battle. 他在戰(zhàn)斗中受傷了　　The boy got hurt on his way home from work. 男孩在回家的路上受傷了　　▲get-型被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)一般不宜用在含有雙賓語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)中，也不宜與see, hear, watch, listen to等感官動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)　　The old man was offered a large sum of money. (正)有人給了這位老人一大筆錢　　The old man got offered a large sum of money. ( 誤)　　▲get-型被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)有時(shí)有言外之意或具有感情色彩　　He got taught a lesson. 他被教訓(xùn)了一頓。

有“活該”之意)　　How did the window get closed. 窗戶怎么關(guān)上了?(有“不該關(guān)上’之意)　　▲get-型被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)有時(shí)表示開(kāi)始進(jìn)入某種狀態(tài)，而be+動(dòng)詞的-ed形式只表示存在的狀態(tài)　　She got tired. 她感到累了有開(kāi)始感到疲勞的含義)　　She was tired. (只表示”她累了”)　?、蹘в须p賓語(yǔ)(直接賓語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ))的主動(dòng)句變?yōu)閯?dòng)句，其主語(yǔ)可以是直接賓語(yǔ)，也可以是間接賓語(yǔ)　　She lent me a bike.?被動(dòng)：▲I was lent a bike(by her).　　▲A bike was lent to me(by her).　　④情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+過(guò)去分詞　　This problem must be worked out in half an hour.　　⑤雙重被動(dòng)式：主語(yǔ)+被動(dòng)式謂語(yǔ)+不定式的被動(dòng)式+其它成分　　These magazines are not allowed to be taken out of the reading-room.　　The murderer was ordered to be shot.　　3.主動(dòng)表示被動(dòng)的幾種情況　?、俨患拔飫?dòng)詞與狀語(yǔ)連用，用以表示主語(yǔ)的品質(zhì)和狀態(tài)　　常見(jiàn)動(dòng)詞是：cut,sell,read,write,fill,cook,lock,wash,drive,keep等　　This knife cuts well.這把刀好切。

　　These books sell well.這些書好賣　　The pen writes smoothly.這支筆寫起來(lái)流暢　　Meat won’t keep long in such hot weather.肉在這樣熱的天氣里放不長(zhǎng)久　　The cloth washes well.這種布好洗　?、谝恍┻B系動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)式+形容詞常見(jiàn)動(dòng)look,smell,taste,sound,feel,prove,turn out等　　The apples taste good.　　The flower smells wonderful.　　The news proved/turned out true　　Cotton feels soft.　　4.不可變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的幾種情況　?、佼?dāng)句子的賓語(yǔ)是反身代詞時(shí)(因?yàn)榉瓷泶~不可作主語(yǔ))　　He can dress himself. 他能自己穿衣服不可變?yōu)镠imself can be dressed by him.　　②當(dāng)句子的賓語(yǔ)是相互代詞時(shí)(因?yàn)橄嗷ゴ~不可作主語(yǔ))　　We help each other/one another.不可變?yōu)镋ach other/One another is helped by us.　?、蹌?dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu)的固定短語(yǔ)只能用于主動(dòng)式，不能用被動(dòng)式　　He lost heart.不可變?yōu)镠eart was lost by him.　　類似lose heart詞組的還有make a face,keep silence,keep words,lose in thought等等　?、躷ake part in,belong to ,own,have,hate,fail,contain等表狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)　　She took part in the sports meet.不能變?yōu)門he sports meet was taken part in by her.　　⑤當(dāng)have, cost, fit, last, hold等表示狀態(tài)的及物動(dòng)詞作謂語(yǔ)時(shí)　　Our village has twenty tractors. 我們村有20臺(tái)拖拉機(jī)。

　　The hall can hold 2000 people. 這個(gè)大廳能盛2000人 The war lasted four years. 這場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)持續(xù)了4年 ⑥當(dāng)某些及物動(dòng)詞(如leave, enter, join,等)的賓語(yǔ)是表示處所、地點(diǎn)或組織時(shí)　　The students entered the classroom one by one. 學(xué)生門陸續(xù)地進(jìn)了教室　　My brother joined the Party two years ago. 我哥哥2年前入了黨　　My father left his hometown five years ago. 我父親5年前離開(kāi)了家鄉(xiāng)　?、弋?dāng)句子的賓語(yǔ)是同源賓語(yǔ)時(shí)　　The Browns live a happy life. 布朗一家過(guò)著幸福的生活　?、喈?dāng)句子的賓語(yǔ)為行為者(主語(yǔ))身體上某一部分時(shí)　　I couldn't believe my eyes when I saw him still alive. 看到他還活著，我簡(jiǎn)直不相信自己的眼睛　　He hurt his foot by jumping over a fence. 他跨越柵欄時(shí)傷了腳。

　?、岙?dāng)用非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)　　He likes studying English. 他喜歡學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)　　I wish to go there myself. 我想親自去那里一趟 注意：少數(shù)以不定式(短語(yǔ))做賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞(如agree, feel, decide, think等)可以變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句，但不能以不定式(短語(yǔ))直接做被動(dòng)句的主語(yǔ)，而要借助it為先行主語(yǔ)，將不定式(短語(yǔ))置于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之后 He has decided to go and study abroad.　　→It has been decided(by him)to go and study abroad. 他已決定出國(guó)留學(xué)　　5.含有短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中介詞不能丟　　Much attention must be paid to your handwriting.。